Recently, revelations on the social platform X (formerly Twitter) about AI company Anthropic have drawn wide attention and controversy. Multiple reputable outlets report that Anthropic launched a secret project called Project Panama in early 2024, buying millions of physical books (mostly used copies) on a large scale, cutting off their spines with hydraulic cutters, rapidly scanning pages to obtain digital text, and then destroying the physical books for use in training its Claude large model. This practice has been compared to a scene in Vernor Vinge's 2006 novel Rainbows End, sparking intense public debate over how AI training data is obtained, copyright ethics, and cultural preservation.

According to The Washington Post and Ars Technica, Anthropic hired Tom Turvey, formerly responsible for the Google Books project, with the goal of "destructively scanning all the books in the world." The company bought books in bulk from wholesalers and used bookstores, employing destructive scanning to obtain high-quality, professionally edited text data, arguing this was faster, cheaper and legally less risky than non-destructive scanning. Court documents indicate the project cost tens of millions of dollars and processed millions of volumes.

Anthropic subsequently reached a $1.5 billion settlement with groups of authors, mainly over prior use of pirated e-books, but a judge ruled that buying physical books and using them for AI training constituted fair use, because it was a transformative use of lawfully purchased books and did not directly substitute for the original market.

Striking resemblance to science fiction

The incident closely mirrors scenes described by Vernor Vinge in Rainbows End. The novel, set in 2025, depicts libraries using giant machines to ingest books, cut them up and digitize their contents for rapid knowledge capture. In reality, Anthropic’s "Project Panama" is almost a direct re-creation of that scenario, prompting comments online such as: "Science fiction is becoming reality, and faster than expected."

Assessment of far-reaching impacts

1. Impact on publishing and authors’ rights

Although the court found the practice to be fair use, the large-scale destruction of physical books has been criticized as "cultural vandalism." Many authors and publishers worry this could further compress the market for physical books, especially the second-hand channel. If AI firms widely adopt similar methods, it could destabilize the publishing ecosystem, affect new book sales and authors’ incomes, and accelerate calls for fair compensation mechanisms for AI training.

2. Ethics and legality of AI training data

The case exposes extreme measures taken under AI's data hunger. While purchasing physical books avoids some piracy risks, the "buy-and-destroy" approach raises moral questions: should AI progress come at the expense of physical cultural artifacts? The episode has intensified global regulatory discussions on training data sources and pushed for more transparent, sustainable data-acquisition standards.

3. Warnings for cultural heritage preservation

The destruction of millions of books—even if many are common second-hand copies—has raised concerns about preserving cultural heritage. Critics liken it to a modern-day burning of the Library of Alexandria. Although digital copies may remain, the unique values of physical books (binding, provenance marks, historical traces) are permanently lost, posing challenges for library science and cultural research and boosting interest in non-destructive digitization technologies.

4. A double-edged sword for the AI industry

Positives: High-quality book data has significantly improved Claude’s capabilities in writing, reasoning and knowledge synthesis, helping Anthropic stay competitive.

Negatives: The episode has damage